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Sect was officially dismissed and inclusive, Syrian Arab nationalism encouraged, but politicized sect identities were simultaneously reproduced, either by the regime or by its internal and external enemies” (ibid., p. “The Hafez al-Assad years were therefore paradoxical. Thereby, the law preserved a crucial foundation for sectarianism ( Phillips 2015b, pp. Correspondingly, while the Assad regime put considerable effort into successfully developing and promoting a common Syrian Arab identity, it retained the French Personal Status Law that classified legal subjects according to their religious affiliations. However, due to the regime’s sectarian staffing policy, the national consciousness maintained a sense of ambiguity ( Salamandra 2013, pp. It states that sectarian differences are of no relevance. Nevertheless, a common national consciousness emerged, which also reflects the constitution of the Ba’ath party. Consequently, a process of mutual stereotyping is initiated that divides society along identity affiliations and fosters sectarianism 4 ( Azar 1990, pp. Finally, an unsatisfying government response to articulated group demands concludes the preconditions for escalation. That leads to the politicization of those communities or identity groups. However, the process of protraction only gains momentum when the deprived individuals recognize themselves as a deprived group. Human needs include adequate economic and political access. The denial of basic human needs constitutes the foundation for escalation in Azar’s model. According to him, the existence of various communities with a colonial history and a history of rivalry is a precondition for protracted conflicts. Edward Azar relates the process of societal fragmentation to the protraction of social conflicts. In a conflict, this aspect is of relevance when sub-national identities become salient and conflicts emerge along religious dividing lines (ibid., p. That leaves a few questions about their causal interrelations unresolved.ĭescribing religion as community focuses on religion in its role for group cohesion and societal fragmentation.

NUCLEAR TIME WEMAKE PEACE WITH ISLAM HOW TO

However, Hassner does not elaborate on how to integrate those perspectives into a single framework. He proposes an integration of various theoretical and geographic perspectives: methodological approaches from reflectivism to positivism on the one hand, and geographic contexts from the local to the international level, on the other hand ( Hassner 2010, pp. 3 Ron Hassner suggests a thick religion approach towards a more comprehensive understanding of religion in social dynamics. 2 Apart from journalistic or essayistic accounts, however, there has not been a comprehensive attempt to draw those various manifestations of religion together in terms of their conflict relevance. A significant amount of literature has been published on jihad ( Jones 2013 Rich and Conduit 2015), sectarianism or further religious aspects in the Syrian war. Thu.This paper seeks to contribute to a more thorough understanding of the conflict dynamics in Syria by adequately describing the role of religion in the war. This is in line with his appeal: “Now is the time for all of us to take our share of responsibility for a global response to global challenges”.

occupying forces from Iraq.ĭuring his first year in power, President Obama showed himself to be a strong spokesman for human rights and democracy, and as a constructive supporter of the work being done to put effective measures in place to combat the climate crisis. In accordance with a promise he made during his election campaign, he set in motion a plan for the withdrawal of U.S. As President, he called for a new start to relations between the Muslim world and the West based on common interests and mutual understanding and respect.

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Emphasis was also given to his support - in word and deed - for the vision of a world free from nuclear weapons.Įven before the election, Obama had advocated dialogue and cooperation across national, ethnic, religious and political dividing lines. Among the reasons it gave, the Nobel Committee lauded Obama for his “extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples”. Obama, the 44th President of the United States, had been in power for less than eight months when he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 2009.

Nuclear time wemake peace with islam